Written by Vijay In this experiment, cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride were reacted in solution to produce a single organic product in crystal form. Cyclopentadiene is composed of a five-carbon ring where two of the carbon-carbon bonds of the ring are double bonds; the double bonds are separated by a single σ bond, making the double bonds conjugated. Maleic anhydride is has a five-membered ring with ring’s oxygen atom bonded to two acyl groups (R-C=O), and where the R-group is the […]
Written by Sean Purpose – Exploring Halogen Reactions Through this experiment the electronegativity of several Halogens will be determined through attempted chemical reactions. Electronegativity is the power of an atom to pull electrons toward itself, which usually forms a bond with another atom and thus creates a molecule. If this molecule is polar, that is, that one of the atoms attracts electrons more than the others; it will be soluble in polar liquids and the same with nonpolar molecules and […]
Written by Katrina Abstract: Haloalkanes are being used every day in the industry: as household solvents reagents, anesthetics, freons, and pesticides to name a few. These haloalkanes can be produced through nucleophilic substitution reactions also known as SN2 and SN1 reactions and it was through this that the haloalkanes 1-bromobutane and 2-chloro-2methylbutane were produced. An SN2 reaction was first carried out to synthesize 1-bromobutane from 1-butanol with the help of hydrobromic acid. The obtained percent yield of the product 1-bromobutane […]
Written by Isreal Introduction: The CDC42 gene or Cell Division Control 42 gene has homologies in many species ranging from yeast to humans. This gene controls and influences many pathways that are important in the formation of many proteins. One of the great things about CDC 42 is that we can use a mutated strain and, through transformation, actually change the genetic material within the cell (Chapoel, et al 2010). This would cause complementation within the cell. Transformation is the […]
Written by Nicolas The proton uptake of thylakoid membranes during photosynthesis was analyzed through measuring pH. As light reaches the plant, the chlorophyll begins to absorb and release excited electrons. As the electrons pass through the Quinone they increase the Proton concentration on one side of the thylakoid membrane. This then drives the ATP synthase to form ATP from ADP by means of channeling the protons to turn the synthase. The net process is described by scheme 1 below, taken […]
Written by Lauren ABSTRACT: New carbon-carbon bonds can be formed from a conjugated diene system heated with a dienophile (alkene or alkyne). It is a concerted cycloaddition reaction between the π-electrons of butadiene sulfone and maleic anhydride to form cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-cis-dicarboxylic anhydride. The product doesn’t need to be recrystallized and its purity is confirmed by a melting point test and 1H NMR analysis. INTRODUCTION: The synthesis of new carbon-carbon bonds between butadiene sulfone and maleic anhydride can be achieved through […]
