Measuring Respiration of Germinating and Non-germinating Peas By: Krunal Patel Introduction Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks – for example, assembling polymers, pumping substances across membranes, moving, and reproducing (Campbell, and Reece 162). Heterotrophs obtains its energy for its cells by eating plants that makes it own food (Autotrophs); some animals feed on other organisms that eat plants. The most beneficial catabolic pathway in an organism is cellular respiration, in which oxygen […]
Sharpless Epoxidation In 2001 the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to K.Barry Sharpless, and shared with William S.Knowles, and Ryōji Noyori for their work on asymmetric oxidations. Epoxides are highly useful intermediates in organic synthesis, since these undergo ring opening on attack by a wide variety of nucleophiles. The regioselectivity of the ring –opening reaction is controlled by the nucleophile, the size and electronic nature of the atoms or groups on the carbon atoms of the epoxy ring […]
By: Daniel Jenkinson Abstract It was determined that the wavelength of fluorescence of PRODAN is lengthened in a more polar solvent, or when complexed in a cyclodextrin, since the energy difference between the ground and excited state is lowered due to stabilisation from polar groups. When using β-cyclodextrin, a 1:1 stoichiometry is adopted, but when using γ-cyclodextrin, a 2:1 ratio of PRODAN: cyclodextrin is preferred. The equilibrium constant for bonding with β-cyclodextrin was 8500 M-1, and the product of the […]
Nucleophilic Substitution By: Nucleophillic Substitution Introduction Nucleophilic substitution is a process in which a leaving group on a compound is replaced by a nucleophile. There are two different types of substitution reactions. They are known as SN1 and SN2 reactions. There are many differences between these two reactions. For example, SN1 are two step reactions, involving the formation of a carbocation intermediate, followed by a nucleophilic attack. These reactions are promoted by a polar protic solvent and are favored by […]
Absorption Spectrum of a Conjugated Dye By: Scott Holdren Abstract The absorption spectrum of a series of conjugated dyes is produced by a UV/VIS spectrometer to calculate the empirical parameter α and to find the length of the conjugated chain using the free electron model. Diluted solutions of each dye are analyzed using a UV/VIS spectrometer to determine the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) for each dye. Using this wavelength, the best fit α is determined to be equal […]
Epoxidation of Geraniol: A Quest to Determine the Enantioselectivity of Two Epoxidation Procedures By: Ryan DeAngelis, Andre Mound Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to compare the enantioselectivity of the meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid epoxidation procedure and the Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation. The enantioselectivity of each procedure in the epoxidation of geraniol was investigated via chiral shift 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results indicated that the mCPBA epoxidation procedure did not exhibit enantioselectivity, whereas the Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation demonstrated enantioselectivity for the (2S, 3S)-epoxy […]
